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Comprehensive reference of infection-associated chronic conditions and related medical terms
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Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex → deficient cortisol ± aldosterone, causing fatigue, weight loss, hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperpigmentation.
Inadequate glucocorticoid ± mineralocorticoid output; primary (Addison's), secondary (pituitary ACTH deficiency), or tertiary (hypothalamic).
Systemic autoinflammatory disorder with daily spiking fevers, salmon-pink rash, arthritis, leukocytosis, hyperferritinemia.
NOTCH2-related multisystem disorder: cholestasis, congenital heart disease, butterfly vertebrae, ocular anomalies, characteristic facies.
IgE-mediated nasal mucosal inflammation producing sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, congestion.
Autoimmune, non-scarring patchy hair loss of scalp or body.
Complete scalp-hair loss; severe form of alopecia areata.
Total loss of scalp and body hair; most extensive alopecia-areata variant.
SERPINA1 mutation → low α1-AT levels → early panacinar emphysema ± cholestatic/cirrhotic liver disease.
Progressive neurodegeneration with amyloid-β plaques, tau tangles, cortical atrophy, leading to dementia.
Degeneration of upper & lower motor neurons → progressive weakness, dysphagia, respiratory failure.
Tick-borne infection by Anaplasma phagocytophilum causing fever, headache, myalgia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia.
Hepcidin-driven iron sequestration & decreased erythropoiesis in chronic infection, autoimmune disease, or cancer.
Peri-operative airway, cardiovascular, neurologic, or allergic adverse events due to anesthetic agents/technique.
Rapid-onset, life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity with airway, breathing, or circulatory compromise; treat promptly with intramuscular epinephrine.
Acute, localized non-pitting swelling of skin or mucosa (mast-cell or bradykinin mediated); allergic, hereditary, or ACE-inhibitor-induced.
HLA-B27 spondyloarthritis causing inflammatory back pain, sacroiliitis, reduced spinal mobility.
Autoimmune thrombophilia with recurrent arterial/venous thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity + persistent antiphospholipid antibodies.
Diarrhea and colonic inflammation following antibiotic therapy; mediated by toxigenic C. difficile.
Psychiatric group characterized by excessive fear or worry (panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, etc.).
Pathologic dilation of aorta (thoracic or abdominal) with risk of dissection/rupture.
Intimal tear forming a false lumen within aortic wall; presents with sudden tearing chest/back pain.
Hypocellular bone-marrow failure → pancytopenia; commonly immune or drug/toxin induced.
Chronic airway inflammation with reversible bronchoconstriction and hyper-responsiveness; episodic wheeze, cough, dyspnea.
Chest pain/discomfort not fitting classic exertional pattern yet possibly ischemic in origin.
Kidney stones of unusual composition (e.g., cystine, struvite) or atypical location/metabolic cause.
Neurodevelopmental conditions with social-communication deficits and restricted repetitive behaviors.
Addison's disease + autoimmune thyroid disease and/or type 1 diabetes.
Controversial entity positing systemic immune activation after exposure to adjuvants (e.g., silicone, certain vaccines).
Tick-borne parasitic infection (Babesia spp.) resembling malaria; fever, hemolytic anemia, especially in asplenic or immunocompromised.
Bartonella species infection from cat scratches/bites or lice; lymphadenopathy, fever, or severe bacteremia/endocarditis.
Multisystem vasculitis with recurrent oral/genital ulcers, uveitis, skin lesions, vascular or neurologic involvement.
Acute, unilateral peripheral facial-nerve paralysis; often post-viral; most recover spontaneously.
Stable, asymptomatic neutropenia in individuals of certain ancestries (e.g., African); no added infection risk.
Brief vertigo triggered by head-position changes due to canaliths in semicircular canals.
Mood disorder with episodes of mania/hypomania and depression (type I vs II).
Progressive interstitial lung scarring after bleomycin chemotherapy.
Resting heart-rate < 60 beats per minute in adults; may be physiologic (athletic training, sleep) or pathologic (sick-sinus syndrome, drug effect, hypothyroidism, hypothermia). Symptoms range from none to fatigue, dizziness, syncope.
Excessive fluctuations in systemic blood pressure from autonomic dysfunction, medications, or endocrine causes.
Transient visual blurring from refractive error, dry eye, migraine aura, hypotension, or transient ischemia.
Zoonotic infection (Brucella spp.) via unpasteurized dairy or animal contact; undulant fever, arthritis, hepatosplenomegaly, chronic sequelae.
Obstruction of hepatic venous outflow → hepatomegaly, ascites, abdominal pain, liver dysfunction.
IgG autoantibodies to BP180/BP230 → tense subepidermal blisters in elderly.
Chronic oral burning pain without mucosal lesions; neuropathic etiology suspected.
Cyclic severe nausea & vomiting in chronic cannabis users; often relieved by hot showers and cessation.
Sudden, transient muscle atonia triggered by strong emotions; hallmark of narcolepsy type 1.
UTI occurring in a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter for ≥48 h.
HLA-DQ2/8-linked autoimmune enteropathy to gluten; villous atrophy, malabsorption.
Lab-proven bacteremia/fungemia in a patient with a central venous catheter, absent other source.
Length-dependent sensory ± motor neuropathy from neurotoxic chemotherapy agents.
Arboviral illness (CHIKV) with acute febrile arthralgia/arthritis, often chronic joint pain; transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
Cold-induced erythematous-violaceous acral lesions; benign or associated with lupus/interferonopathy.
Acute gallbladder inflammation, usually due to cystic-duct gallstone obstruction; RUQ pain, fever, Murphy sign.
Presence of gallstones in the gallbladder; may cause biliary colic or complications (e.g., cholecystitis, pancreatitis).
Acute watery diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae toxin; leads to severe dehydration if untreated.
≤3 spontaneous bowel movements/week or difficult passage for ≥3 months without structural cause.
Cough persisting >8 weeks after exclusion of asthma, GERD, post-nasal drip, ACE-I use, etc.
Loose or watery stools >4 weeks; infectious, inflammatory, malabsorptive, secretory, or functional causes.
Persistent/recurrent epigastric pain or post-prandial fullness without structural disease (functional dyspepsia).
≥6 months profound fatigue, post-exertional malaise, cognitive dysfunction, unrefreshing sleep.
GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m² or kidney damage >3 months; progressive loss of renal function.
Clonal B-cell malignancy with lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy; often indolent.
Airflow limitation (emphysema + chronic bronchitis) from smoking or biomass exposure; progressive dyspnea, cough.
Persistent pelvic/perineal discomfort ≥3 months without infection or structural pathology.
Ongoing pericardial inflammation >3 months; may cause effusion, constrictive physiology.
Persistent testicular discomfort ≥3 months without clear cause (e.g., varicocele, prior surgery, neuropathic).
End-stage hepatic fibrosis with nodular regeneration, portal hypertension, synthetic dysfunction; common causes: alcohol, NASH, viral hepatitis.
Severe unilateral periorbital pain with autonomic features (lacrimation, rhinorrhea), episodic or chronic.
Primary antibody deficiency with low IgG ± IgA/IgM, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, autoimmune/lymphoproliferative complications.
Chronic pain disproportionate to inciting event, with sensory, motor, vasomotor, trophic changes; types I (no nerve lesion) & II (nerve injury).
Cardiac pump dysfunction → pulmonary or systemic congestion, dyspnea, edema; systolic (HFrEF) or diastolic (HFpEF).
Coronavirus causing respiratory illness ranging from mild URI to severe pneumonia, ARDS, multi-organ involvement; potential for post-acute sequelae (Long COVID).
Transmural inflammatory bowel disease affecting any GI segment (often terminal ileum); fistulas, strictures, skip lesions.
Chronic hypercortisolism → central obesity, proximal myopathy, hypertension, glucose intolerance, skin changes.
Recurrent stereotypical episodes of intense nausea/vomiting with symptom-free intervals; often migraine association.
AR CFTR mutation → multiorgan exocrine dysfunction; chronic sino-pulmonary disease, pancreatic insufficiency, infertility.
Herpesvirus (HHV-5) often asymptomatic in immunocompetent; causes mononucleosis-like illness, severe disease in immunocompromised or congenital infection.
Venous clot in deep veins (usually legs); risk factors: immobility, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury; may embolize to lungs (PE).
Flavivirus infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes; fever, rash, arthralgia; severe dengue → hemorrhage, plasma leak, shock.
≥2 weeks depressed mood or anhedonia plus neurovegetative symptoms; impairs function.
Autoimmune myopathy with proximal muscle weakness, gottron papules, heliotrope rash, increased malignancy risk.
Polyuria/polydipsia from ADH deficiency (central) or renal resistance (nephrogenic); hypernatremia without glucosuria.
Autoimmune β-cell destruction → absolute insulin deficiency, ketosis-prone hyperglycemia.
Insulin resistance ± relative deficiency; hyperglycemia, often with metabolic syndrome.
Aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with rapidly enlarging lymph nodes, B symptoms; curable with chemoimmunotherapy.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae pharyngeal/tonsillar infection with pseudomembrane formation and systemic toxin effects (myocarditis, neuropathy).
Inflammation or perforation of colonic diverticula → LLQ pain, fever, leukocytosis.
Fibrosis of palmar fascia causing progressive finger flexion contracture.
Umbrella term for autonomic nervous system disorders. See POTS, OH, OI, NCS, IST.
Painful menstruation; primary (prostaglandin-driven) or secondary (endometriosis, fibroids, etc.).
Painful intercourse; causes include vulvovaginal disorders, pelvic pathology, or musculoskeletal/neuropathic pain.
Transient negative emotions immediately before breast-milk let-down; likely dopaminergic.
New-onset tonic-clonic seizures in a woman with pre-eclampsia (HTN + proteinuria or organ-injury) during pregnancy or postpartum.
Chronic pruritic eczematous dermatitis with barrier dysfunction and Th2 inflammation.
Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid causing visible tissue swelling; common causes include heart, liver, or kidney failure, venous/lymphatic obstruction, medications, hypo-albuminaemia.
Heterogeneous connective-tissue disorders with joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, tissue fragility; multiple types (hypermobile, classical, vascular, etc.).
Tick-borne infection by Ehrlichia chaffeensis causing fever, headache, myalgia, leukopenia, elevated liver enzymes.
Microbial infection of heart valves or endocardium; presents with fever, new murmur, embolic phenomena.
Ectopic endometrial tissue → cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility.
Peripheral blood eosinophil count >500/µL; causes include allergies, parasites, drugs, hypereosinophilic syndromes.
Chronic immune/antigen-mediated esophageal inflammation with dysphagia, food impaction, eosinophilic infiltration on biopsy.
ANCA-associated vasculitis with asthma, eosinophilia, and granulomatous inflammation.
Herpesvirus (HHV-4) causing acute pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, atypical lymphocytosis; linked to chronic fatigue, lymphoma, multiple sclerosis triggers.
Tender subcutaneous nodules (anterior shins); inflammatory reaction to infections, drugs, IBD, sarcoidosis.
Fungal infection (usually Candida albicans) of esophageal mucosa; dysphagia/odynophagia in immunocompromised.
Bilateral postural/kinetic tremor without neurologic abnormalities; often familial, may improve with alcohol.
Chronic widespread pain with tenderness, fatigue, sleep disturbance, cognitive dysfunction; central sensitization mechanism.
Glomerular scarring pattern causing nephrotic syndrome, progressive renal failure; primary or secondary.
Inflammation of hair follicles from infection (bacterial, fungal), irritation, or occlusion; pustules at follicle openings.
Adverse immune response (IgE-mediated or cell-mediated) to specific food proteins; anaphylaxis, eosinophilic GI disorders, etc.
Delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction; nausea, vomiting, bloating; causes include diabetes, post-viral, idiopathic.
Excessive, uncontrollable worry ≥6 months with physical symptoms (restlessness, fatigue, concentration difficulty).
Large-vessel vasculitis in older adults; unilateral headache, jaw claudication, visual loss risk; elevated ESR/CRP; requires urgent steroids.
Intestinal infection by Giardia lamblia; watery diarrhea, bloating, malabsorption; fecal-oral transmission.
Benign hereditary unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (UGT1A1 mutation); mild jaundice with stress/fasting.
Inflammatory injury to glomeruli; hematuria, proteinuria, renal dysfunction; numerous subtypes (IgA nephropathy, MPGN, RPGN, etc.).
Immune-mediated cerebellar dysfunction triggered by gluten; ataxia with positive celiac serology.
ANCA-associated necrotizing vasculitis of respiratory tract and kidneys; sinus/lung/kidney triad.
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism (TSH-receptor antibodies) → diffuse goiter, ophthalmopathy, pretibial myxedema.
Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy following infection; ascending weakness, areflexia.
Autoimmune thyroid destruction (anti-TPO, anti-Tg antibodies) → hypothyroidism, goiter.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis triggered by pollen; sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, conjunctivitis.
Pain in head or face; primary (migraine, tension, cluster) or secondary (infection, mass, vascular, medication overuse).
Tick-borne phlebovirus causing fever, fatigue, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia; identified in central-southern USA.
Gastric bacterium causing chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma risk.
HFE-related iron overload → hepatic cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, arthropathy, skin hyperpigmentation.
Fecal-oral transmitted RNA hepatitis; acute illness with jaundice, no chronic carrier state.
Bloodborne DNA hepatitis; can cause acute infection or chronic carriage → cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Bloodborne RNA hepatitis often asymptomatic acutely; high chronicity rate → cirrhosis, HCC.
Defective RNA virus requiring HBV for replication; superinfection or coinfection worsens HBV outcomes.
Fecal-oral RNA hepatitis; usually self-limited, but can be chronic in immunocompromised; higher mortality in pregnancy.
C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency → recurrent, non-pruritic angioedema without urticaria; potentially life-threatening airway swelling.
DNA herpesviruses causing oral (HSV-1) or genital (HSV-2) ulcerative lesions, encephalitis, neonatal infection; latency with recurrence.
Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in dorsal-root ganglia → painful dermatomal vesicular rash; post-herpetic neuralgia risk.
Chronic inflammatory condition of apocrine-gland-bearing skin; painful nodules, abscesses, scarring in axillae, groin.
Fungal infection (Histoplasma capsulatum) from aerosolized bird/bat droppings; pulmonary or disseminated disease, especially in immunocompromised.
Malignant lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg cells; bimodal age, B symptoms, lymphadenopathy; highly curable.
Retrovirus destroying CD4+ T cells → progressive immunodeficiency (AIDS), opportunistic infections, malignancies if untreated.
Symptomatic joint hypermobility not meeting criteria for hEDS or other defined connective-tissue disorders.
Most common EDS type with joint hypermobility, chronic pain, dysautonomia, soft velvety skin; no identified gene mutation yet.
Persistent systolic ≥130 mm Hg and/or diastolic ≥80 mm Hg without secondary cause; major cardiovascular risk factor.
Persistently low blood pressure (commonly SBP < 90 mm Hg or MAP < 65 mm Hg) causing dizziness, syncope, or organ hypoperfusion; etiologies include hypovolaemia, sepsis, adrenal insufficiency, drug effects.
Core body temperature < 35 °C (95 °F) leading to shivering, mental status changes, bradycardia, arrhythmias; staged as mild, moderate, severe.
Excess thyroid hormone → tachycardia, weight loss, tremor, heat intolerance; causes include Graves', toxic nodule, thyroiditis.
Insufficient thyroid hormone → fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, constipation; most commonly Hashimoto's or iatrogenic.
Persistently elevated resting heart rate (>100 bpm) or exaggerated HR response to minimal activity without identifiable cause; dysautonomia subtype.
Chronic immune-mediated intestinal inflammation encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Chronic pelvic pain, urinary urgency/frequency without infection or other identifiable pathology.
Heterogeneous group of parenchymal lung disorders causing restrictive physiology and hypoxemia; includes IPF, NSIP, hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Elevated intracranial pressure without mass lesion or hydrocephalus, causing headache, transient visual obscurations, papilloedema; risk factors include obesity and tetracycline use.
Low hemoglobin from depleted iron stores; microcytic anemia; causes include blood loss, malabsorption, dietary insufficiency.
Functional bowel disorder with recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits (diarrhea/constipation/mixed) without structural disease.
A type of cancer that forms masses in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs.
A condition where the kidneys lose the ability to effectively filter waste from the blood.
Spirochete infection (Leptospira) from water contaminated with animal urine; biphasic febrile illness, can progress to Weil's disease (jaundice, renal failure).
Malignant proliferation of hematopoietic cells; acute (ALL, AML) or chronic (CLL, CML); presents with cytopenias, organomegaly.
Chronic inflammatory dermatosis of anogenital skin; white plaques, atrophy, pruritus, scarring; increased risk of squamous-cell carcinoma.
Persistent or new symptoms ≥4 weeks post-acute COVID-19; fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive dysfunction, dysautonomia, etc.
Glomerular disease from systemic lupus erythematosus; proteinuria, hematuria, renal failure; classified by biopsy (class I–VI).
Tick-borne infection (Borrelia burgdorferi); erythema migrans, flu-like illness; disseminated disease → arthritis, carditis, neurologic manifestations.
Chronic swelling from impaired lymphatic drainage; primary (congenital) or secondary (surgery, radiation, filariasis).
Malignancy of lymphoid cells; Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin subtypes; lymphadenopathy, B symptoms.
Severe systemic inflammatory condition caused by excessive activation and proliferation of macrophages and T lymphocytes.
Parasitic infection (Plasmodium spp.) transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes; cyclical fevers, hemolytic anemia, multi-organ complications.
Any type of cancerous tumor.
Episodic multisystem symptoms (flushing, anaphylaxis, GI, neurocognitive) due to inappropriate mast-cell mediator release with supportive lab evidence.
Clonal mast-cell proliferation in skin (cutaneous) or multiple organs (systemic); urticaria pigmentosa, anaphylaxis risk, organomegaly.
A condition where the left iliac vein is compressed by the right iliac artery, increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis in the left leg.
A condition where the median arcuate ligament presses on the celiac artery, causing abdominal pain and other symptoms.
Inner-ear disorder with episodic vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness; endolymphatic hydrops.
Inflammation of meninges; bacterial (e.g., S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis) emergent, viral (enteroviruses, HSV) often self-limited; fungal in immunocompromised.
Chronic watery diarrhea with normal colonoscopy but histologic inflammation; subtypes based on collagen layer or lymphocyte infiltration.
ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis affecting kidneys and lungs; no granulomas (unlike GPA).
Recurrent moderate-to-severe unilateral throbbing headache with nausea, photophobia/phonophobia; with or without aura.
Overlap syndrome with features of SLE, scleroderma, polymyositis; anti-U1-RNP antibodies.
Controversial multisystem illness attributed to water-damaged-building exposure; lacks robust validation.
Simultaneous or sequential dysfunction of ≥2 non-contiguous peripheral nerves; vasculitis, diabetes, sarcoidosis.
Clonal plasma-cell neoplasm with lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia; monoclonal gammopathy.
Autoimmune CNS demyelination → relapsing-remitting or progressive neurologic deficits; optic neuritis, sensory/motor symptoms, fatigue.
≥6 months profound fatigue, post-exertional malaise, cognitive dysfunction, unrefreshing sleep.
Autoimmune blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction → fluctuating weakness, ptosis, diplopia.
Atypical pneumonia ('walking pneumonia') with dry cough, extrapulmonary manifestations (hemolytic anemia, rash, neurologic).
Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency → excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations.
Excessive daytime sleepiness, abnormal REM regulation; normal hypocretin levels.
Reflex-mediated bradycardia and/or vasodilation causing transient loss of consciousness; triggered by emotion, pain, prolonged standing.
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 1.5 ×10⁹/L; mild, moderate, or severe. Causes: drugs, marrow failure, autoimmune, infections; ↑ risk of bacterial/fungal infection.
Symptoms resembling celiac disease after gluten ingestion but negative serology, normal biopsy.
Recurrent upper-airway obstruction during sleep → apneas/hypopneas, hypoxemia, daytime sleepiness, cardiovascular risk.
BP drop (≥20 systolic or ≥10 diastolic mm Hg) within 3 min of standing; causes dizziness, syncope; dysautonomia, hypovolemia, medications.
Symptoms (lightheadedness, palpitations, fatigue) upon standing relieved by recumbency; includes POTS, OH, NCS.
Degenerative joint disease with cartilage loss, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis; pain worsens with use.
Vitamin D deficiency or metabolism disorder → defective bone mineralization; rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults.
Bone mineral density T-score between −1.0 and −2.5; lower than normal but not osteoporotic.
Bone mineral density T-score ≤ −2.5; fragile bones with increased fracture risk.
Localized excessive bone remodeling → enlarged, deformed bones; bone pain, fractures, hearing loss if skull involved.
Sudden pancreatic inflammation (gallstones, alcohol, hypertriglyceridemia); epigastric pain, nausea, elevated lipase/amylase.
Long-standing pancreatic inflammation → fibrosis, exocrine/endocrine insufficiency, chronic pain.
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks (intense fear, palpitations, dyspnea, dizziness) with anticipatory anxiety.
Neurodegenerative disorder with dopaminergic neuron loss in substantia nigra; resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability.
IgG autoantibodies to desmoglein 3 (±1) → intraepidermal blisters, erosions of skin and mucosa.
Mucosal breaks in stomach or duodenum; H. pylori, NSAIDs, stress; epigastric pain, bleeding, perforation risk.
Pericardial inflammation causing sharp, positional chest pain, pericardial rub, diffuse ST elevation; viral, autoimmune, post-MI.
Atherosclerotic narrowing of peripheral arteries; claudication, rest pain, tissue loss.
Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells → B12 malabsorption, macrocytic anemia, neurologic deficits.
Opportunistic fungal pneumonia in immunocompromised (HIV, organ transplant); dyspnea, hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates.
Lung infection acquired outside hospital; S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, atypicals; fever, cough, dyspnea, infiltrate on imaging.
Hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, polycystic ovaries; hirsutism, acne, irregular menses, metabolic syndrome risk.
Inflammatory syndrome in older adults; bilateral shoulder & hip girdle pain/stiffness, elevated ESR/CRP; responds to corticosteroids.
Autoimmune myopathy with proximal muscle weakness, elevated CK; no characteristic rash (contrast with dermatomyositis).
Heart rate increase ≥30 bpm (adults) or ≥40 bpm (adolescents) within 10 min of standing without orthostatic hypotension; orthostatic symptoms, dysautonomia.
Re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions, hyperarousal following traumatic event(s); impairs function ≥1 month.
Tick-borne flavivirus causing encephalitis; rapid onset neurologic symptoms, often severe.
Autoimmune destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts (anti-mitochondrial antibodies); cholestatic liver disease, pruritus, fatigue.
Chronic cholestatic liver disease with bile-duct strictures; associated with IBD, increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
Chronic inflammatory skin disease with well-demarcated erythematous plaques with silvery scale; T-cell mediated; arthritis in ~30%.
Inflammatory arthritis in ~30% of psoriasis patients; axial or peripheral joint involvement, dactylitis, enthesitis.
Venous thromboembolus lodging in pulmonary arteries; dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hypoxemia, right-heart strain.
Progressive interstitial lung fibrosis of unknown cause; restrictive pattern, honeycombing on CT, poor prognosis.
Mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥20 mm Hg; multiple etiologies (PAH, left heart, lung disease, CTEPH, multifactorial); dyspnea, right-heart failure.
Upper urinary-tract infection (kidney); fever, flank pain, nausea; requires systemic antibiotics.
Zoonotic infection from livestock; acute febrile illness, atypical pneumonia, hepatitis; chronic form causes endocarditis.
Episodic vasospasm of digits triggered by cold/stress; color changes (white → blue → red); primary benign, secondary with connective-tissue disease or vascular disorders.
Post-infectious arthritis (GI or GU infection); HLA-B27 associated; arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis triad.
Spirochetal infection causing recurrent febrile episodes with Borrelia bacteremia; arthropod vector.
Urge to move legs (± other limbs) with discomfort, worsening at rest/evening; relieved by movement; dopaminergic dysfunction, iron deficiency.
Post-streptococcal autoimmune syndrome; carditis, arthritis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum; Jones criteria.
Chronic autoimmune polyarthritis with symmetric small-joint synovitis, extra-articular manifestations; RF/anti-CCP antibodies.
Arthropod-borne intracellular bacterial infections (Rickettsia spp.); fever, rash, headache; includes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus group.
Tick-borne Rickettsia rickettsii infection; fever, headache, centripetal petechial rash; can be fatal if untreated.
Chronic facial inflammatory dermatosis; erythema, telangiectasias, papules/pustules, phymatous changes; worsens with triggers (alcohol, heat).
Multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause; hilar lymphadenopathy, lung infiltrates, skin lesions, uveitis, hypercalcemia.
Chronic psychotic disorder with positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), negative symptoms (flat affect, avolition), cognitive impairment.
Autoimmune fibrosis of skin ± internal organs; limited (CREST) or diffuse cutaneous subtypes; Raynaud's, esophageal dysmotility, ILD, renal crisis.
Recurrent unprovoked seizures from abnormal neuronal discharges; focal or generalized; numerous etiologies.
Life-threatening organ dysfunction from dysregulated host response to infection; requires prompt identification, antibiotics, supportive care.
Joint infection (usually bacterial); acute monoarticular pain, swelling, fever; urgent drainage and antibiotics.
AR hemoglobinopathy (HbS polymerization) → hemolytic anemia, vaso-occlusive crises, chronic organ damage.
Autoimmune exocrinopathy; dry eyes/mouth (keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia), systemic manifestations; anti-SSA/SSB antibodies.
Recurrent cessation of breathing during sleep from lack of respiratory effort; heart failure, stroke, high altitude.
Damage to Aδ and C fibers → burning pain, dysesthesias, autonomic dysfunction; normal NCS; diagnosed by skin biopsy (IENFD).
Excessive colonic-type bacteria in small bowel → bloating, diarrhea, malabsorption; diagnosed by breath testing.
Sudden neurologic deficit from cerebrovascular occlusion; thromboembolic; time-sensitive thrombolysis/thrombectomy.
Intracerebral or subarachnoid bleeding; severe headache, altered consciousness, focal deficits; hypertensive, aneurysmal, or vascular malformation.
Compulsive use of substance(s) despite adverse consequences; tolerance, withdrawal, impaired control.
Rapid heart rhythm originating above ventricles (AVNRT, AVRT, atrial tachycardia); palpitations, dizziness, syncope.
Transient loss of consciousness from cerebral hypoperfusion; cardiac, reflex-mediated, orthostatic causes.
Multisystem autoimmune disease with diverse manifestations (arthritis, rash, serositis, nephritis, hematologic, neurologic); ANA, anti-dsDNA.
Resting heart-rate > 100 beats per minute in adults; physiologic (exercise, fever, pain, anxiety) or pathologic (anaemia, hyperthyroidism, hypovolaemia, dysautonomia).
Large-vessel vasculitis of aorta and branches in young women; causes limb claudication, hypertension, stroke.
Involuntary repetitive movements (tongue, lips, face, trunk) from chronic antipsychotic or metoclopramide use.
Large-vessel vasculitis in older adults; unilateral headache, jaw claudication, visual loss risk; elevated ESR/CRP; requires urgent steroids.
Bilateral, pressing, band-like headache without nausea/photophobia; most common primary headache.
Compression of neurovascular structures between clavicle and first rib; pain, paresthesias, weakness in arm.
Platelet count < 150 ×10⁹/L from decreased production, increased destruction, sequestration, or dilution; bleeding risk rises markedly when < 50 ×10⁹/L.
Malignancy of thyroid gland; most common types: papillary (best prognosis), follicular, medullary, anaplastic.
Painful thyroid inflammation (often post-viral); transient hyperthyroidism → hypothyroidism; self-limited.
Flavivirus infection from tick bite; biphasic illness with meningoencephalitis; endemic in Europe and Asia.
Perception of sound without external stimulus; ringing, buzzing, hissing; causes include hearing loss, noise exposure, ototoxicity.
Brief episode of neurologic dysfunction from focal cerebral ischemia without infarction; stroke warning.
Acute brain dysfunction from external force; mild (concussion) to severe; cognitive, motor, behavioral sequelae.
Sudden, severe unilateral facial pain in trigeminal distribution; often triggered by touch, eating, or talking.
Zoonotic infection (Francisella tularensis) from tick/deerfly bite or handling infected animals; ulceroglandular, typhoidal, or pneumonic forms.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; pulmonary (cough, hemoptysis, night sweats) or extrapulmonary; latent vs active.
Autoimmune β-cell destruction → absolute insulin deficiency, ketosis-prone hyperglycemia.
Insulin resistance ± relative deficiency; hyperglycemia, often with metabolic syndrome.
Salmonella typhi/paratyphi infection; prolonged fever, abdominal pain, rose spots, bradycardia; fecal-oral transmission.
Continuous colonic mucosal inflammation from rectum proximally; bloody diarrhea, urgency, tenesmus; IBD subtype.
Pruritic, raised, erythematous wheals; acute (<6 weeks) or chronic; mast-cell degranulation.
Intraocular inflammation (anterior, intermediate, posterior, panuveitis); pain, photophobia, vision loss; autoimmune, infectious, or idiopathic.
Candida albicans overgrowth → vulvar pruritus, discharge, dyspareunia.
Primary infection (chickenpox: diffuse vesicular rash); reactivation (herpes zoster/shingles: dermatomal vesicular rash).
Inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels; systemic or organ-specific; small, medium, or large vessel; numerous subtypes.
Impaired venous return from lower extremities; edema, hyperpigmentation, venous stasis ulcers.
Autoimmune loss of melanocytes → depigmented macules/patches; often associated with other autoimmune diseases.
Quantitative or qualitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor causing mucocutaneous bleeding and prolonged aPTT.
Chronic vulvar pain ≥3 months without identifiable cause; may be provoked, unprovoked, or mixed.
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with IgM monoclonal gammopathy, hyperviscosity, neuropathy, cytopenias.
ANCA-associated necrotizing vasculitis of respiratory tract and kidneys; sinus/lung/kidney triad.
Increase in body mass without intentional intake change; evaluate endocrine (hypothyroidism, Cushing), medications, heart/kidney failure.
≥5% body-weight loss over 6–12 months without dieting; investigate malignancy, infection, endocrine, GI, psychiatric causes.
Mosquito-borne flavivirus; most asymptomatic or mild fever; ~1% develop neuroinvasive disease (meningitis, encephalitis, paralysis).
Bordetella pertussis infection; paroxysmal cough with inspiratory whoop, post-tussive emesis; vaccine-preventable.
Atrioventricular accessory pathway (bundle of Kent) causing pre-excitation (short PR, delta wave) and paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias.
Mosquito-borne flavivirus causing fever, jaundice, hemorrhage; endemic in tropical Africa and South America; vaccine-preventable.
Mosquito-borne flavivirus; usually mild illness (fever, rash, arthralgia, conjunctivitis); congenital infection causes microcephaly and neurologic defects.